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Category: biotech/medical – Page 35

Is Ketogenesis Required For Metabolic Improvements On A Calorie-Restricted Diet?

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Engineered nanoparticles could deliver better targeted cancer treatment to lymph nodes

Scientists at McGill University and the Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute have developed a new way to deliver cancer immunotherapy that caused fewer side effects compared to standard treatment in a preclinical study. The work is published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The experimental approach is designed to treat cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes, a difficult-to-treat stage of the disease. Today, most immunotherapies are delivered by intravenous (IV) infusion and circulate throughout the body. This can trigger immune responses in healthy tissues, leading to serious side effects.

“Some immunotherapies cause such severe side effects that clinicians are forced to lower the dose, making treatment less effective,” said senior author Guojun Chen, Assistant Professor in McGill’s Department of Biomedical Engineering and member of the Goodman Cancer Institute. “Our approach could allow for higher, more effective doses while limiting toxicity, which is a major goal in cancer treatment.”

Nanotubes unlock new wavelengths for smarter sensing

Sensors made of carbon nanotubes that can measure infrared and terahertz radiation are being tested for uses ranging from detecting damaged cables after earthquakes, to collecting health data via ultrathin wearable devices, and assisting with pharmaceutical quality control, say researchers in Japan.

“Accurately visualizing the internal structures of organisms and objects is integral to our daily lives, from medical imaging to security scanning in airports,” and terahertz sensors built from carbon nanotubes are uniquely suited to this purpose, says Yukio Kawano is a professor of engineering at Chuo University in Tokyo, and project leader at the Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC) in Japan.

Compared with many sensor technologies that can only detect one part of the electromagnetic spectrum, Kawano’s team is working to create sensors that can detect terahertz and a broader range of radiation, and use them to produce high-resolution images.

Tailored COX-2 Inhibition for Precision Adjuvant Therapy of Localized Metastatic Colon Cancer

💬 Editorial: Precision adjuvant therapy for stage III ColonCancer may be enhanced through molecular profiling for ctDNA status and PIK3CA mutation, informing use of celecoxib or aspirin alongside standard treatment.

CALGB/SWOG 80,702 Alliance was a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (RCT) of daily celecoxib (400 mg/d vs placebo) as an adjuvant therapy to fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) toward improving disease-free survival (DFS) of minimal residual localized (stage III) metastatic colon cancer.1 The rationale for the trial was a preponderance of evidence from RCTs and observational studies showing that selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2 or prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 [PTGS2]) inhibitors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as celecoxib and rofecoxib, reduce the incidence of premalignant colorectal polyps and colorectal cancer (CRC). Although the primary trial results did not show daily celecoxib to be statistically significantly associated with improvement in DFS or overall survival (OS),1 the results raised the possibility that yet-to-be-determined subgroups may experience a significant benefit. Indeed, Nowak et al2 reported in 2024 that a significant protective effect was observed among patients with tumors harboring mutations to exons 9 or 20 of the PIK3CA gene within the subset of the Alliance trial population with available whole-exome tumor sequencing data.

The possibility for molecular selection for NSAID adjuvant therapy of CRC, specifically on the basis of PIK3CA mutation was first raised in a prospective observational study by Liao and colleagues3 in 2012 for aspirin—a less selective COX-2 inhibitor. This finding for aspirin was later corroborated with post hoc observational follow-up of the VICTOR RCT of daily rofecoxib (20 mg vs placebo),4 which, like the Alliance trial, did not demonstrate a significant protective benefit for rofecoxib among unselected patients.5 Most recently, 2 RCTs of daily low-dose aspirin, ALASSCA6 and SAKK41/13,7 showed that aspirin, among patients enrolled using molecular selection for tumor PIK3CA mutation, led to a similar survival benefit of approximately 50% compared to placebo.

Frontiers: Psoriasis is a complex, chronic relapsing and inflammatory skin disorder with a prevalence of approximately 2% in the general population worldwide

Psoriasis can be triggered by infections, physical injury and certain drugs. The most common type of psoriasis is psoriasis vulgaris, which primarily features dry, well-demarcated, raised red lesions with adherent silvery scales on the skin and joints. Over the past few decades, scientific research has helped us reveal that innate and adaptive immune cells contribute to the chronic inflammatory pathological process of psoriasis. In particular, dysfunctional helper T cells (Th1, Th17, Th22, and Treg cells) are indispensable factors in psoriasis development. When stimulated by certain triggers, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) can release pro-inflammatory factors (IL-23, IFN-α and IL-12), which further activate naive T cells and polarize them into distinct helper T cell subsets that produce numerous cytokines, such as TNF, IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-22, which act on keratinocytes to amplify psoriatic inflammation. In this review, we describe the function of helper T cells in psoriasis and summarize currently targeted anti-psoriatic therapies.

Psoriasis is a complex, chronic relapsing and inflammatory skin disorder with an overall prevalence of 2% in the general population worldwide (1). The most common type of psoriasis is psoriasis vulgaris, which primarily manifests as dry, well-demarcated, raised red lesions with adherent silvery scales on the skin and joints and accounts for nearly 90% of all psoriasis cases. Psoriasis is also associated with multiple comorbidities, such as arthritis, obesity, diabetes mellitus, depression, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and reduced quality of life (2).

Although the exact mechanism that triggers psoriasis remains unclear, it is currently accepted that psoriasis is induced or exacerbated by either nonspecific triggers, such as infections [such as Streptococcus ], physical injury [such as scratching and tattoos ], drugs [such as β blockers, lithium and antimalarials (5, 6)] or some specific autoantigens [such as cathelicidin LL-37, melanocytic ADAMTSL5, lipid antigen PLA2G4D and keratin 17 ]. Pathologically, psoriasis is characterized by epidermal acanthosis (thickening of the viable layers), hyperkeratosis (thickened cornified layer), and parakeratosis (cell nuclei present in the cornified layer).

Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm and Pancreatic… : Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and pancreatic cancer: opportunity knocks twice hamada, et al.

📕 doi.org/10.14309/ajg.

L, the wide variation in cancer risk necessitates prolonged surveillance for most patients. There is an unmet need to optimize surveillance strategies for patients with IPMNs to address the rising global mortality associated with pancreatic cancer and to balance early cancer detection against healthcare resource allocation. While published guidelines outline common risk factors of carcinoma derived from IPMN, the resource-intensive nature of surveillance underscores the need for more granular management strategies—a need not yet reflected in current recommendations. Moreover, it is important to appreciate that patients with IPMNs also face an elevated risk of developing pancreatic carcinoma arising concomitantly with IPMN. This type of carcinoma presents unique challenges for surveillance but also offers novel opportunities for the timely identification of incident pancreatic cancer.

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