While providing fundamental biological insightđ
Harish N. Vasudevan & team reveal transcriptional, functional genetic, and cellular mechanisms of interferon signaling that underlie radiotherapy response in people with MPNST.
Address correspondence to: Harish N. Vasudevan, Helen Diller Cancer Research Building, 1,450 3rd Street, Mail Box 520, San Francisco, California 94,158, USA. Phone: 415.502.4107; Email: [email protected].
Vision loss from microvascular complication in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) results in diabetic retinopathy (DR).
Recent evidence suggests that neurodegeneration occurs in parallel with or prior to vascular cell injury in the retina of patients with DM and thus DR is considered as a neurovascular disease.
The researchers in this review discuss how molecular stress (i.e., glucose dysregulation, dysmetabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation) promote retinal vascular cell and neuronal injury in patients with DM.
The researchers also discuss how genes regulated by the HIF family of transcription factors in glial, vascular, neuronal, and inflammatory cells, control various pathways and identify new therapeutic avenues for the prevention or early treatment of patients with this vision-threating disease. sciencenewshighlights Science Mission https://sciencemission.com/diabetic-retina
Address correspondence to: Akrit Sodhi, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway St., Smith Building, 4,039, Baltimore, Maryland 21,287, USA. Email: [email protected].
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Via the gut.
Bianca Palushaj & Robin M Voigt puts forward a strategy for altering the trajectory of this modern epidemic.
1Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
2Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research.
3Department of Internal Medicine, and.
4Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
New 3D reconstructions of a key sensory organ in ctenophores reveal an unexpected structural and functional complexity. The findings suggest that an elementary brain may have already appeared in our most ancient relatives, reshaping our understanding of nervous system evolution in animals. The work is published in Science Advances.
Ctenophores (comb jellies) are gelatinous animals that appeared in the ocean an estimated 550 million years ago. The delicate animals possess a specialized sensory structure called the aboral organ (AO), which allows them to sense gravity, pressure, and light. The new morphological study reveals that this organ is far more complex than previously thought.
âWe show that the AO is a complex and functionally unique sensory system,â said Pawel Burkhardt, group leader at the Michael SARS Centre, University of Bergen. âOur study profoundly enhances our understanding of the evolution of behavioral coordination in animals.â
Stanford researchers have combined two microscopy techniques to create a one-of-a-kind instrument that can show cell structures interacting in real time at an unprecedented 120-nanometer resolutionâthe highest achieved without the use of fluorescent labels. This new âlabel-freeâ technology, called Interferometric Image Scanning Microscopy, or iISM, will allow scientists to observe cellular structures in their wider context, including their responses to intrusions, such as pathogens or drugs.
The advance is detailed in Light: Science and Applications. âThis new microscope provides a fantastic new view into the cell, where you can see the tiny structures and machines in the cell moving, changing, and interacting without having to add fluorescence to observe them,â said senior author W.E. Moerner, the Harry S. Mosher Professor of Chemistry in Stanfordâs School of Humanities and Sciences.
âItâs a wonderful look into these complex little cellular boxes that drive our life.â
Defined as reduced caloric intake or selective limitation of specific nutrients without malnutrition, is one of the most robust interventions known to extend lifespan and healthspan across species. Studies from yeast to mammals demonstrate that DR elicits conserved genetic, transcriptional, and epigenetic programs that promote cellular maintenance and stress resistance. At the molecular level, DR engages evolutionarily conserved nutrient-sensing pathways, including insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS), the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and NAD+-dependent sirtuins, which converge on key transcription factors (TFs) and transcriptional coactivators (TCs) to coordinate metabolic and longevity-associated gene expression. Downstream, these pathways enhance autophagy and proteostasis, remodel mitochondrial function and redox balance, reshape immune and inflammatory networks, and induce epigenetic and transcriptional reprogramming. Recent work further highlights amino acidâspecific sensing mechanisms, endocrine mediators such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), the gut microbiome, circadian regulators, and nuclear poreâassociated transcriptional plasticity as integral components of DR responses. Importantly, the physiological outcomes of DR are context dependent and influenced by genetic background, sex, age at intervention, and the type and duration of restriction. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the genetic and molecular architecture underlying DR-induced longevity and health benefits across species, discuss implications for aging-related diseases, and outline future directions toward precision nutrition and safe translational strategies.
Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in physiological integrity, reduced stress resilience, and increased susceptibility to chronic diseases (Lopez-Otin et al., 2023). Among numerous genetic, pharmacological, and lifestyle interventions examined over the past decades, dietary restriction (DR) remains the most robust and evolutionarily conserved strategy for extending lifespan and improving healthspan. Originally described in rodents nearly a century ago, the beneficial effects of reduced nutrient intake have since been validated in a wide range of organisms, including yeast, nematodes, flies, and mammals (Wu et al., 2022). While often used interchangeably, it is critical to distinguish between different nutritional interventions to avoid conceptual overlap. Caloric restriction (CR) typically refers to a chronic reduction in total calorie intake (usually 20%â40%) without malnutrition.
IgA nephropathy involves deposition of IgA-containing immune complexes in the glomerular mesangium, triggering glomerular inflammation and scarring.
IgA nephropathy is the most common cause of immune-mediated glomerular disease worldwide, with an estimated global incidence between 1.4 and 2.5 per 100 000 persons in the US.
Up to 50% of patients with IgA nephropathy develop kidney failure within 10 years of diagnosis, and life expectancy is estimated to be 6 years shorter for those with IgA nephropathy compared with matched controls.
đ This Review summarizes the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of primary IgA nephropathy in adults.
This review discusses the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of primary IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in adults, with a focus on treatment recommendations based on the 2025 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) clinical practice guidelines for IgAN.
